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 Although systems of higher education go back to
Ancient Greece, China, India, and Africa, the
concept of postgraduate education depends upon
the system of awarding degrees at different
levels of study, and can be traced to the
workings of the European mediæval universities.
University studies took six years for a Bachelor
degree and up to twelve additional years for a
master's degree or doctorate. The first six
years taught the faculty of the arts, which was
the study of the seven liberal arts: arithmetic,
geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar,
logic, and rhetoric. The main emphasis was on
logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been
obtained, the student could choose one of three
faculties law, medicine, or theology
in which to pursue master's or doctor's degrees.
Theology was the most prestigious area of study,
and considered to be the most difficult.
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The grammar
translation method instructs students in
grammar, and provides vocabulary with direct
translations to memorize. It was the
predominant method in Europe. Most
instructors now acknowledge that this method
is ineffective by itself. It is used by many
Latin teachers, allegedly because a dead
language is usually only written. However,
this method is ineffective for written
languages too, and Latin only became dead
after the grammar translation method was
introduced. Up to the 17th century, when
Latin was spoken, it was not taught like
this. Recent experiments in the University
of Cadiz, in which Latin is taught as if it
were a living language, have proved to be as
effective with Latin as with any other
language.All languages that are not dead are
considered modern languages.
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At school, the teaching of grammar
consists of a process of training in the rules of a
language which must make it possible to all the students
to correctly express their opinion, to understand the
remarks which are addressed to them and to analyze the
texts which they read. The objective is that by the time
they leave college, the pupil controls the tools of the
language which are the vocabulary, grammar and the
orthography, to be able to read, understand and write
texts in various contexts. The teaching of grammar
examines the texts, and develops awareness that language
constitutes a system which can be analyzed. This
knowledge is acquired gradually, by traversing the facts
of language and the syntactic mechanisms, going from
simplest to the most complex.
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The exercises according to the program of the course
must untiringly be practised to allow the assimilation
of the rules stated in the course. That
supposes that the teacher corrects the exercises. The
pupil can follow his progress in practicing the language
by comparing his results. Thus can he adapt the
grammatical rules and control little by little the
internal logic of the syntactic system. The grammatical
analysis of sentences constitutes the objective of the
teaching of grammar at the school.
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